Nestled on the banks of the Menai Strait, Caernarfon is a town steeped in history and bursting with charm. Its medieval roots, iconic landmarks, and stunning natural surroundings make it a must-visit destination in North Wales.
The Rich History of Caernarfon
Caernarfon, one of Wales’ most historically significant towns, has a story deeply intertwined with the nation’s past. Its position along the Menai Strait, coupled with its strategic importance, has shaped its development over centuries.
Roman Beginnings: Segontium Fort
Caernarfon’s recorded history begins with the Romans, who established Segontium in 77 AD. This fort served as a critical base for Roman campaigns to conquer and control Wales.
Situated on a hill overlooking the fertile land and the Menai Strait, Segontium housed soldiers tasked with suppressing local tribes like the Ordovices. The fort remained active until the late 4th century.
Today, visitors can explore the remnants of Segontium, gaining insight into the Roman influence on the region.
The Medieval Era and Norman Invasions
Following the departure of the Romans, the area around Caernarfon became part of the early medieval Kingdom of Gwynedd. The region held immense significance for the Welsh, serving as a seat of power for native princes.
The Norman conquest of Wales in the 11th century disrupted the local political landscape. To secure their control, the Normans built a motte-and-bailey castle at Caernarfon. However, Welsh resistance under leaders like Llywelyn ap Gruffudd frequently challenged their authority.
Edward I and the Construction of Caernarfon Castle
In 1283, King Edward I launched a military campaign to subdue Gwynedd, marking the beginning of a new era for Caernarfon. Edward chose the town as a centerpiece for his efforts to dominate Wales.
Edward ordered the construction of Caernarfon Castle, a monumental fortress designed to symbolize English power. Inspired by the Walls of Constantinople, the castle featured polygonal towers, including the famous Eagle Tower, and color-banded masonry to showcase grandeur.
The castle became a seat of English governance in Wales. Edward also established a walled town surrounding the fortress, populated by English settlers. Welsh residents were excluded, ensuring the town served as a bastion of English influence.
Caernarfon and the Birth of the Prince of Wales
Edward I strengthened Caernarfon’s symbolic importance by declaring his son, Edward II, the first Prince of Wales in 1301. According to legend, Edward promised the Welsh a prince “born in Wales and who spoke no English,” referring to his infant son.
This event cemented Caernarfon’s role as a center of political and cultural significance. The tradition of investiture ceremonies for the Prince of Wales continues to this day.
The Welsh Revolts
Caernarfon’s prominence did not go unchallenged. During the Glyndŵr Rebellion in the early 15th century, Welsh forces, led by Owain Glyndŵr, besieged the town and castle. Although unsuccessful, these uprisings underscored Welsh resistance to English rule.
Over time, Caernarfon’s military significance waned, but the town remained an administrative hub.
The Industrial Era and the Slate Industry
The 18th and 19th centuries brought significant change to Caernarfon. The nearby slate quarries of Dinorwic and Penrhyn became world leaders in slate production, transforming North Wales into an industrial powerhouse.
Caernarfon thrived as a port, exporting slate across the globe. The Menai Strait provided an ideal shipping route, connecting the quarries to international markets.
The arrival of the railway in the 19th century further boosted the town’s economy. However, the decline of the slate industry in the 20th century impacted the region, leading Caernarfon to focus on tourism and heritage.
20th Century: A New Role for Caernarfon
Caernarfon gained global attention in 1969 during the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales. The ceremony, held at Caernarfon Castle, was broadcast worldwide, highlighting the town’s historical importance.
This event sparked renewed interest in the castle and the town, bolstering its status as a tourist destination.
Caernarfon Today
Today, Caernarfon remains a vibrant town that celebrates its heritage. Its medieval streets, historic buildings, and close ties to Welsh culture make it a symbol of both resilience and tradition.
Caernarfon Castle, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continues to draw visitors from around the world. Its walls tell the story of a town shaped by conquest, culture, and community.
Whether exploring Roman ruins, walking the medieval town walls, or learning about its industrial past, visitors to Caernarfon encounter a town where history comes alive.
Notable Places to Visit
Caernarfon boasts a wealth of attractions that highlight its historical and cultural significance:
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Caernarfon Castle:
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this magnificent fortress offers breathtaking views and fascinating exhibitions about its history.
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Segontium Roman Fort:
Explore the ruins of this ancient Roman outpost, one of the most significant in Wales.
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The Town Walls:
Walk along these medieval walls for panoramic views of the town and the Menai Strait.
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Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock):
This modern waterfront area features shops, galleries, and cafes with stunning views of the strait.
Notable People from Caernarfon
Several influential figures have roots in the town:
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David Lloyd George (1863–1945):
The first Welsh Prime Minister of the UK, born nearby in Llanystumdwy, was closely associated with the area.
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Gareth Edwards (b. 1947):
One of Wales’ greatest rugby players, born in Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen, near Caernarfon.
Things to Do in Caernarfon
Caernarfon offers activities for history enthusiasts, outdoor adventurers, and food lovers alike:
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Explore the Castle:
Discover the rich history and stunning architecture of Caernarfon Castle through interactive exhibits and guided tours.
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Stroll Along the Menai Strait:
Enjoy peaceful walks with views of boats, wildlife, and Anglesey across the water.
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Dine at Local Restaurants:
Try Wal Restaurant for contemporary Welsh cuisine or visit The Black Boy Inn for hearty pub fare.
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Cycle the Lon Eifion Path:
This scenic trail offers a relaxing ride through the countryside, starting from Caernarfon.
Where to Stay
Caernarfon provides a range of accommodations, from historic inns to modern hotels:
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The Black Boy Inn:
A 16th-century inn offering cozy rooms and exceptional dining.
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Premier Inn Caernarfon:
A budget-friendly option located near Victoria Dock.
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Country Cottages:
Stay in nearby countryside cottages for a peaceful retreat with stunning views.
Caernarfon’s captivating mix of history, natural beauty, and vibrant culture makes it a standout destination. Whether exploring its iconic castle, enjoying riverside walks, or savoring local cuisine, visitors will find plenty to love. Plan your trip to Caernarfon and uncover the charm of this historic Welsh town.
