Pembroke Castle

Pembroke Castle, located in Pembrokeshire, Wales, is a magnificent medieval fortress with a history spanning nearly 1,000 years. Built to control the surrounding region, the castle has played a pivotal role in Welsh and British history. Today, it stands as a well-preserved monument, offering visitors a glimpse into the past while showcasing stunning views of the Pembroke River.

In this blog, we’ll explore Pembroke Castle’s history, architectural features, notable figures, and the many activities visitors can enjoy.

The History of Pembroke Castle

Pembroke Castle is one of Wales’s most iconic and historically significant fortresses. Its story spans nearly a millennium, from its origins during the Norman conquest to its role in shaping the Tudor dynasty. Over the centuries, the castle has been a center of power, a battleground, and a symbol of resilience.

The Norman Beginnings (11th Century)

Pembroke Castle’s history began in 1093, during the Norman conquest of Wales.

• Arnulf of Montgomery, a Norman lord, established the first castle on the site.
• The original structure was a motte-and-bailey castle, built from timber and earthworks. Its elevated position on a rocky promontory provided natural defenses.
• The castle served as a strategic stronghold, helping the Normans secure control over Pembrokeshire.

This early fortification marked the beginning of Pembroke’s prominence as a center of power in South Wales.

The Stone Rebuild: William Marshal’s Vision (12th Century)

In the 12th century, Pembroke Castle was transformed from a wooden fortification into a stone fortress.

• William Marshal, known as “The Greatest Knight,” acquired the castle in 1189 through his marriage to Isabel de Clare, heiress of the Earl of Pembroke.
• Marshal rebuilt the castle in stone, creating many of the structures that still stand today.
  • The Great Keep, a massive cylindrical tower, became the centerpiece of the castle. Its thick walls and elevated position made it nearly impregnable.
  • Curtain walls and additional towers were added, enclosing the castle and enhancing its defenses.
• Marshal used Pembroke Castle as a base for his campaigns in Ireland and as a symbol of his power and influence.

Under William Marshal, Pembroke Castle became one of the most formidable fortresses in Wales.

The Birthplace of Henry VII (15th Century)

Pembroke Castle played a pivotal role in the history of the Tudor dynasty.

• In 1457, Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born at Pembroke Castle.
• His mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was staying at the castle under the protection of Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke and Henry’s uncle.
• Henry’s birth at Pembroke Castle marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty, which would go on to shape British history.

This royal connection cemented Pembroke Castle’s place in the annals of British history.

The English Civil War and Decline (17th Century)

During the English Civil War (1642–1651), Pembroke Castle became a Royalist stronghold.

• The castle’s defenders supported King Charles I against the Parliamentarian forces.
• In 1648, the castle was besieged by Oliver Cromwell.
  • Cromwell’s forces bombarded the castle with artillery, causing significant damage to its walls and towers.
  • After a prolonged siege, the defenders surrendered, and Cromwell ordered the castle to be slighted (partially dismantled) to prevent further use.

Following the Civil War, Pembroke Castle fell into disrepair and was abandoned as a military stronghold.

Restoration and Modern Era (20th Century–Present)

By the 20th century, Pembroke Castle was in ruins, but its historical significance inspired efforts to preserve and restore it.

• In 1928, Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps purchased the castle and began extensive restoration work.
• The castle was opened to the public, becoming a popular tourist destination and a symbol of Pembrokeshire’s heritage.
• Today, the castle is managed by a charitable trust, which oversees its maintenance and organizes events to celebrate its history.

Pembroke Castle has become a center for education and tourism, attracting visitors from around the world.

The Architecture of Pembroke Castle

Pembroke Castle is one of Wales’s most impressive and well-preserved castles, showcasing the evolution of medieval military architecture. Built and rebuilt over centuries, its design reflects the strategic priorities and ambitions of its various owners. From its massive Great Keep to its defensive walls and hidden cave, Pembroke Castle’s architecture is a testament to both functionality and grandeur.

The Great Keep: A Tower of Strength

At the heart of Pembroke Castle stands the Great Keep, a cylindrical stone tower that dominates the skyline.

• Construction: Built in the late 12th century by William Marshal, the Great Keep is one of the largest and most robust in Britain.
• Design Features:
  • The tower is 21 meters (69 feet) high and 16 meters (52 feet) in diameter, with walls up to 6 meters (20 feet) thick.
  • A spiral staircase inside the keep leads to the top, offering panoramic views of the surrounding landscape and the Pembroke River.
• Functionality:
  • The keep served as the castle’s final line of defense, providing a secure retreat during sieges.
  • It also housed living quarters for the lord and his family, complete with fireplaces and narrow windows for light and ventilation.

The Great Keep’s sheer size and strength made it a symbol of William Marshal’s power and a formidable deterrent to attackers.

Curtain Walls and Towers: Layers of Defense

Pembroke Castle’s curtain walls enclose the inner and outer wards, creating a strong defensive perimeter.

• High Stone Walls: The curtain walls are made of locally quarried limestone, chosen for its durability and abundance.
  • The walls are topped with crenellations (battlements) that provided cover for defenders firing arrows or other projectiles.
• Defensive Towers: Several towers reinforce the walls, offering vantage points for guards and additional defensive capabilities.
  • The North Tower and South Tower overlook key approaches to the castle, ensuring attackers could be seen and repelled.
• Walkways: Stone walkways along the tops of the walls allowed guards to patrol the perimeter and quickly respond to threats.

The combination of high walls and strategically placed towers ensured the castle’s defenses were nearly impenetrable.

The Gatehouse: A Fortified Entrance

The gatehouse was the castle’s main point of entry and a critical defensive feature.

• Design: The gatehouse was heavily fortified, with thick walls, a portcullis, and a drawbridge that could be raised to block access.
• Murder Holes: Openings in the ceiling above the entrance allowed defenders to drop stones, boiling water, or other projectiles on attackers.
• Guardrooms: Rooms within the gatehouse housed soldiers responsible for monitoring and controlling access to the castle.

The gatehouse’s design ensured that any attempt to breach the castle would face multiple layers of resistance.

Wogan’s Cavern: A Hidden Gem

One of Pembroke Castle’s most unique architectural features is Wogan’s Cavern, a large natural cave beneath the castle.

• Geological Formation: The cavern was formed by the erosion of limestone rock, creating a spacious underground chamber.
• Uses:
  • The cavern was used for storage, providing a secure and cool environment for food and supplies.
  • It also served as a potential escape route, allowing defenders to flee by boat during sieges.
• Accessibility: A stone staircase connects the cavern to the castle above, ensuring it could be accessed quickly when needed.

Wogan’s Cavern highlights the ingenuity of the castle’s builders in utilizing natural features to enhance its functionality.

The Inner and Outer Wards: Spaces for Life and Defense

The castle is divided into inner and outer wards, each serving distinct purposes.

• Inner Ward:
  • The inner ward contained the most important structures, including the Great Hall, chapel, and residential quarters.
  • These buildings were designed for both comfort and security, reflecting the status of the castle’s lords.
• Outer Ward:
  • The outer ward housed workshops, stables, and storage areas, supporting the daily operations of the castle.
  • It also provided space for soldiers and servants, ensuring the castle could function as a self-sufficient community during sieges.

The layout of the wards reflects the dual role of Pembroke Castle as both a military fortress and a noble residence.

Waterfront Location and Defensive Advantages

Pembroke Castle’s location on a rocky promontory overlooking the Pembroke River provided natural defenses and strategic advantages.

• Natural Moat: The river acted as a natural barrier, making it difficult for attackers to approach the castle on three sides.
• Access to Resources: The river ensured a steady supply of water and allowed supplies to be delivered by boat during times of siege.
• Control of Trade: The castle’s position enabled its occupants to monitor and control trade routes along the river, enhancing its economic importance.

The integration of the castle’s architecture with its natural surroundings demonstrates the strategic foresight of its builders.

Later Additions and Restorations

Over the centuries, Pembroke Castle underwent several modifications and restorations.

• 14th Century Additions: New residential buildings and defensive features were added to accommodate the needs of its growing population.
• 17th Century Damage: The castle suffered significant damage during the English Civil War, particularly to its walls and towers.
• 20th Century Restoration: Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps led efforts to restore the castle in the 1920s, stabilizing its ruins and preserving its architectural heritage.

These changes reflect the castle’s adaptability and enduring significance throughout its history.

Notable People Associated with the Castle

William Marshal (1146–1219)

Known as “The Greatest Knight,” William Marshal rebuilt Pembroke Castle in stone. His leadership and influence shaped its history.

Henry VII (1457–1509)

Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty, was born at Pembroke Castle. His birth here cemented the castle’s place in royal history.

Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)

Cromwell’s forces besieged Pembroke Castle during the English Civil War, marking one of its most dramatic chapters.

Things to Do at Pembroke Castle

Pembroke Castle offers a variety of activities and experiences for visitors of all ages.

• Explore the Castle:

  Walk through the Great Keep, climb the towers, and stroll along the curtain walls. Enjoy stunning views from every angle.

• Visit Wogan’s Cavern:

  Descend into the castle’s underground cave system and imagine its use during medieval times.

• Learn the History:

  Interactive displays and guided tours bring the castle’s history to life. Hear stories of knights, royalty, and battles.

• Attend Events:

  Pembroke Castle hosts events throughout the year, including medieval reenactments, festivals, and open-air cinema nights.

• Relax in the Grounds:

  The castle’s picturesque grounds are perfect for picnics, photography, or simply soaking in the atmosphere.

Other Interesting Facts About the Castle

• The castle is one of the largest privately owned castles in Wales.
• Its location on a rocky promontory makes it one of the most photogenic castles in the country.
• The castle has been featured in films and TV shows, including The Lion in Winter.

Pembroke Castle is more than just a historic site. It’s a place where history, architecture, and natural beauty converge. Whether you’re exploring its towering walls, learning about its royal connections, or enjoying one of its many events, Pembroke Castle offers something for everyone.

Plan your visit today and experience the grandeur of one of Wales’s most iconic landmarks.